Terminology
To be precise, Colleges are only undergraduate institutions — or the undergraduate portion of a university.
Universities offer undergraduate and graduate degrees.
The title “college” or “university” does not imply quality differences. Amherst, Haverford, Pomona, and Swarthmore are among the very best undergraduate programs, but none offer graduate degrees. Harvard College is the undergraduate component of Harvard University.
As most writers, SAGE uses the terms "college" and "university" interchangeably - and we occasionally refer to both as "institutions."
In the United States, we differentiate between public and private colleges and universities.
Governance
The technical, legalistic distinction is how each is governed. Public institutions are governed by state appointed or approved Trustees, who are responsible for setting tuition rates, approving the hiring of senior staff, and determining that the institutions are meeting broad-based educational goals of the state. In return for this control, government funding subsidizes the cost of educating public colleges and university students.
Funding
Private colleges, unlike public institutions, receive little or no direct financial support from their state legislatures. This means two things:
- They must look to other sources of income, including more reliance on tuition and support from alumni, foundations and corporations; and,
- They are not governed by publicly appointed boards and have more freedom in how they operate.
All public and almost all private institutions also receive indirect support from financial aid (scholarships, loans, jobs,) given directly to students from state and federal sources. Currently, individual students may receive, on a needs-based determination, up to $6,495 annually in Pell Grants (scholarships, not loans).
| Number of 4-year U.S. Colleges & Universities | |
|---|---|
| Public | Private (non-profit) |
| 750 | 1,589 |
| Full-time 4-year Undergraduate Students | |
|---|---|
| Public | Private (non-profit) |
| 8,856,477 | 4,068,087 |
History
The nation’s first colleges, beginning with Harvard in 1636, and the first universities (University of Pennsylvania, 1740) were private, not public, institutions. Recent presidents, including Donald Trump, Barack Obama, Bill Clinton, and both Bushes, graduated from private colleges and universities. Furthermore, 50% of business/corporate CEO’s (Chief Executive Officers) and senior executives with undergraduate degrees graduated from private institutions.
Accreditation
Public and private colleges and universities are approved, or accredited, by the same agencies. These agencies, which in turn are accredited by the federal government, approve of the overall mission, financial health, and success of meeting each college’s stated goals and objectives. The colleges are reviewed by professors and senior staff of peer-group institutions.
In addition, major fields of studies, such as business, nursing, teacher education and so forth, may also have accrediting organizations. Both public and private schools are subject to the same rigorous peer-review process to ensure that students are offered uniformly high standards of learning.
